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I. Citations
- Pacific Affairs uses endnotes for citation, following The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. We do not include bibliographies. We ask our authors to limit themselves to a reasonable number of endnotes, and to keep endnoted material as concise as possible.
- Use superscript Arabic numbers for endnotes, with the endquote mark following the period and the superscript number after the endquote.
“The Chicago Manual of Style is an excellent resource.”1
- We do not use ibid in footnotes; multiple citations of the same source must provide the author’s last name, an abbreviated title, and the page reference.
Endnote Examples
book, one author
Kenneth Roberts, Deepening Democracy? The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), 3.
book, two authors
Liam P. Unwin and Joseph Galloway, Peace in Ireland (Boston, MA: Stronghope Press, 1990).
subsequent citation
Roberts, Deepening Democracy, 6.
edited book
Anthony B. Tortelli, ed., Sociology Approaching the Twenty-first Century (Los Angeles, CA: Peter and Sons, 1991).
chapter in edited book
Herbert Kitschelt, “Partisan Competition and Welfare State Retrenchment,” in The New Politics of the Welfare State, ed. Paul Pierson, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
foreign language title
Li Xueju, Wang Zhenyao and Tang Jinsu, eds., Zhongguo xiangzhen zhengquan de xianzhuang yu gaige [The Current Situation and Reform of Power in Chinese Villages and Townships] (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui chubanshe, 1994) 5.
Journals
article in journal
Joseph Wong, “Resisting Reform: The Politics of Health Care in Democratizing Taiwan,” American Asian Review, 21, no. 2 (2003): 221-245.
Therese MacDermott and Brian Opeskin, “Regulating Pacific Seasonal Labour in Australia,” Pacific Affairs 83, no. 2: 289-302.
Margaret M. Author, “The Future of China,” Pacific Affairs 88 (forthcoming).
Newspapers
article in newspaper
Mike Royko, “Next Time, Dan, Take Aim at Arnold,” Chicago Tribune, 23 September 1992.
article without author
New York Times, “In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor,” 30 July 2002.
online newspapers, news services, and other news sites
Citations to online newspapers or news articles posted by news services are identical to their print counterparts, with the addition of a URL. If the data is especially time sensitive, please add the date the material was last accessed.
Alison Mitchell and Frank Bruni, “Scars Still Raw, Bush Clashes with McCain,” New York Times, 25 March 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/ poltiicsl/25MCCA.html (accessed 2 January 2002).
Interview
Tanaka Kakuei, interview by author, tape recording, Tokyo, 26 July 1973.
Annual report
Air Canada, 1995 Annual Report, St. Laurent, QC, 7.
Graduate thesis
Dorothy Ross, “The Irish-Catholic Immigrant, 1880-1900: A Study in Social Mobility,” (master’s thesis, Columbia University, 2003), 142-55.
Conference paper
Eviatar Zerubavel, “The Benedictine Ethic and the Spirit of Scheduling,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations, Wilwaukee, WI, April 1978, 17-19.
Court reports
Supreme Court of Canada, Morgentaler v. The Queen, [1976] 1 S.C.R. 616.
Magazine article
Marcia Berss, “Protein Man,” Forbes, 24 October 1994, 64-66.
Government publication
Statistics Canada, A Portrait of Persons with Disabilities: Target Groups Project (Ottawa: Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology, 1995).
Citations of Internet sources
Internet citations should include the universal resource locator (URL) for the material being cited. Please be sure to include as much information as possible, such as the name of the host organization of the website, the date of publication of the website, and the date when you last accessed the information. Some websites provide a digital object identifier (DOI). This can be included as well. Please refer to
http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/about/citation/ for additional information on Internet citations.
Drew Kopp and Sharon McKenzie Stevens, “Re-articulating the Mission and Work of Writing Programs with Digital Video,” Kairos, A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology and Pedagogy 151, no. 1 (Fall 2010), http://kairos.technorhetoric.net/15.1/praxis/kopp-stevens/index.html, last accessed 3 November 2010.
Michael D. Barr, “Marxists in Singapore? Lee Kuan Yew’s Campaign against Catholic Social Justice Activists in the 1980s,” Critical Asian Studies 42, no. 3 (September 2010) doi:10.1080/14672715.2010.507389, http://www.informa world.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a925980595, last accessed 3 November 2010.
Online citation without author
If there is no author per se, the owner of the site may stand in for the author.
“The Baha’is of the United States, “History,” The Baha’I Faith, http://www.us.bahai.org/history/index.html.
Amnesty International, “USA must grant Bagram detainees access to US courts,” 16 September 2009, available online at http://www.amnesty.org/ en/news-and-updates/report/usa-must-grant-bagram-detainees-access-us-courts-20090916, last accessed 17 September 2009.
II. Language
Spelling and Preferred Usage
Pacific Affairs uses Canadian spelling and follows The Canadian Oxford Dictionary and The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition.
Canadian usage adopts the “-ize” ending, rather than “-ise”: e.g., capitalize, economize, organize. Pacific Affairs prefers the following usage: “-re” rather than “-er” (theatre, kilometre, centre); “-our” rather than “-or” (colour, labour, etc.).
Verbs with single “l”/double “l” and their derivatives: use the single “l” as in fulfil and fulfilment or enrol and enrolment.
Double “l”/single “l” in the past tense of verbs: use the double ll; e.g., travelled, modelled and labelled rather than traveled, modeled and labeled.
Pacific Affairs uses the following spelling: website, Internet, online, e-mail.
For hyphenation, please see below.
For numbers, please see below.
Abbreviations
• Close up initials in personal names and separate each letter with a period.
C.D. Howe, M.F.K. Fisher, P.D. James
• Use periods in professional degrees, with no space between letters.
Ph.D., B.A., D.D.S., B.Sc., B.Com.
• No apostrophe in the plural form of acronyms.
MPs, YMCAs, PCBs
• Possessive form of acronyms require an apostrophe.
NASA’s analysis of the data suggests that life may exist on Mars.
• Spell out acronyms and initialisms on first reference, except in the case where these terms are familiar to the audience; thereafter, use large caps, and no periods.
CBC, OHIP, CANDU, CSA, CEO, WWW, NATO, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF
• Do not use periods in geographical initialisms.
USA, US, NJ, UK
• Use i.e. and e.g. punctuated with periods and followed by a comma.
The style of that dress, i.e., bias cut
• Use etc. sparingly within text, punctuated with periods and set off by commas.
The firm manufactured nuts, bolts, nails, wire, etc., at its plant.
III. Punctuation
Periods and Quotation Marks
• Periods and commas sit inside quotation marks; colons and semicolons sit outside. Question and exclamation marks should sit outside unless they are part of the quotation.
Many people feel that these days, there is an overemphasis on “political correctness.”
He asked, “Why are you so upset?”
• Punctuation should be followed by a single space.
Case studies are a widely used method of research in India. Leela Gulati has strong views on the topic.
• Use double quotation marks for quoted material; use single quotation marks for quotations within quotations.
The report states that “free trade will imperil formerly ‘protected markets.’”
(Note: no space between ‘ and “.)
• Per the Chicago Manual of Style please refrain from using scare quotes (single or double quotation marks) around single words “unless it is essential to the author’s argument and not confusing to readers.” (p. 293)
Comma
• Pacific Affairs does not employ the serial comma.
coal, wheat and oil…
Dashes
• Set en- and em—dashes tight, with no spaces on either sides.
In the opening chapter, she notes that the hegemony of the neoliberal model—its appearance as an inevitable path—makes resistance seem impossible.
• Use en-dashes
• in compound adjectives when at least one of the elements is a two-word compound.
post–Civil War period
• to replace the word to between capitalized names.
Boston–Washington train
• when elements of equal significance are joined in a more complex relationship than and or or would signify.
federal-provincial relations, male-female differences, student-teacher ratio
Ellipses
• Dots should be set tight with letter spaces preceding and following the ellipses. For ellipses that occur at the end of a sentence, the period should be set at even spacing from the first dot.
according to the … report
Separating criminals from their profits eliminates their chief motive and breaks the crime cycle.… Bill C-61 will give courts …
Colons
• The first word following a colon is lowercased when it begins a list.
They broadcast an urgent call for three necessities: bandages, antibiotics and blood.
• The first word following a colon is lowercased when it begins a complete sentence.
The advantage of this system is clear: it’s inexpensive.
Exception: when the sentence introduced is lengthy and distinctly separate from the preceding clause, the first word is often capitalized.
The situation is critical: This company cannot hope to recoup the fourth-quarter losses that were sustained in five operating divisions.
• If a colon introduces two or more sentences, the first word of each sentence is capitalized.
IV. Hyphenation
• In keeping with contemporary spelling practices, follow a closed (no-hyphen) style as a general rule. Pacific Affairs does not hyphenate intergovernmental, nongovernmental, multinational, subsystem, subgroup, subsample, prewar, postwar, turnout, postindustrial, semiskilled, crosstabulation.
• Pacific Affairs does not hyphenate policy maker, policy making, decision maker and decision making when used as nouns. It does hyphenate adjectival forms such as “policy-making [decision-making] process.”
• In general, hyphenate
• numbers and fractions
two-thirds, one-half, twenty-nine
• measurements used as adjectives preceding a noun
a four-mile run, a 15-mL test tube
• to avoid ambiguity a canned meat-and-vegetable dish;
a canned-meat and vegetable dish
• compounds, prefixes and suffixes as described in the next section
Prefixes
• As a general rule, use hyphens
• before proper nouns or adjectives
pre-Darwinian, anti-Soviet, inter-European
• to distinguish between temporary and permanent compounds, or to avoid confusion over meaning
re-cover the armchair, recover the hostages
• to separate vowels or identical consonants (verify with The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, as there are many exceptions.)
anti-aircraft, de-escalate, co-organizer, counter-reformation, pre-engineered, semi-independent, co-opt but underrepresentation, cooperation, coordinator, preempt, reelect, preestablished
• with pro- when used as a prefix to mean favouring
pro-choice, pro-democracy.
• with quasi- and pseudo- when used as a prefix
quasi-intellectual, pseudo-liberal
• with wide- when used as a prefix
wide-open, wide-awake (but widespread)
• with self- when used as a prefix
self-governing, self-control (but selfsame, selfhood, selfless)
• when a prefix is repeated in the same compound
re-refried, post-postmodern
• when combining form is not listed in the dictionary
Suffixes
• For verbs with tails -in, -up, -down, -away, -off, -over, -out use
• no hyphen in verb form
to grow up, to follow up
• hyphen in derived adjective
grown-up people
• hyphen/no hyphen in derived noun (see next subsection)
a grownup, a follow-up, a break-in
• In general, derived noun forms use hyphens
• when the first part is more than one syllable
follow-up, cover-up but breakup, breakout, fix up
• for -in words
sit-in, break-in
• when combining form is not listed in the dictionary
V. Numbers
• Spell out whole numbers from one through nine, unless doing so would clutter a sentence unduly.
My two cats like to sit in the sun.
The winning lottery numbers were 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9.
• Whole numbers between ten and ninety-nine and numbers followed by hundred, thousand, million, etc., may be spelled out or written as numerals.
• Use numerals to express numbers nine or under when:
• they appear in close succession with numbers greater than nine
Only 36 out of 85 groups responded to the 7 questions.
• they modify the same items that are being modified by numbers greater than nine in the same sentence or proximity
Of the 118 committees, only 8 were duly elected.
• they refer to scores, age, percentages, and decades
7-3 victory, 6 years old, 89 percent, 1960s
• they are used with unit symbols
$1million, $5 rebate, 9 cm wide
• Spell out numbers when they occur at the beginning of a sentence.
Fourteen thousand immigrants were…
• Spell out ordinals in text; the numeral version is acceptable in tabular material and bibliographies.
twenty-first (not 21st)
• Spell out percent in text; the % symbol is acceptable in tabular material.
• In a series or range, the percent sign is usually included with all numbers, even if one of the numbers is a zero.
rates of 8.3%, 8.8%, and 9.1%
a variation of 0% to 10% or a 0%–10% variation
• Inclusive numbers should be contracted within text, using an en-dash with no space before or after.
5-9, 65-7, 102-7, 1204-93, the War of 1861-65
• Render numbers in full in all headings, labels, captions, book/article titles, and figure/table titles.
Rate of Unemployment in Ontario, 1991-1994
• Do not contract inclusive numbers when the first number ends in 00.
100-104, 1900-1901
• Do not use “from” and “between” with inclusive numbers separated by an en-dash.
from 1968 to 1972 (not from 1968-72)
between 10:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (not between 10:00 A.M.-5 P.M.)
VI. Names and Terms
Capitalization
Geographical Areas
• Capitalize topographical names commonly accepted as proper names (e.g., the Prairies, the Maritimes, the Loire Valley) and politically or culturally significant areas (Northeast Asia, the Western world, Eastern Europe).
• Do not capitalize geographical terms which are simply descriptive or climatic, such as northern Canada, northwestern Vietnam, southern China.
• Pacific Affairs prefers the following usage: mainland or Mainland China, as long as you are consistent within the article; Taiwan Strait; Korean Peninsula; Northeast Asia.
Government Offices, Organizations, Judicial Bodies, Wars, Political Parties
• Capitalize titles and offices only when preceding a name and not modified.
Prime Minister Chrétien but Chrétien, the prime minister or The prime minister spoke to the assembly…
• Capitalize full titles of government or judicial bodies, but lowercase partial forms.
Department of Foreign Affairs; the foreign affairs department
Human Rights Watch
Congress of Industrial Organizations; CIO; the union
New York Historical Society; the society
• In most countries, Parliament, Congress and Senate are capitalized.
• Full titles of wars are capitalized. The words war and battle are lowercased when used alone (battle is often lowercased also when used with the name of the spot where the battle took place).
Vietnam War
World War II;
the Second World War
• Political parties are capitalized; political movements are not: e.g., the Liberal Party, the Chinese Communist Party; communism, capitalism.
Official Documents and Legal Cases
• Full titles of acts, treaties, policies, agreements, plans and similar documents should be capitalized and set in roman type.
Canada Pension Plan (but the pension plan, the plan)
Occupational Health Act (but the health act, the act)
• Capitalize the following in their abbreviated forms:
the Charter (of Rights and Freedoms)
the Code (Criminal)
the Constitution (1867, 1982)
• Italicize legal cases and the abbreviations of legal cases.
Smith v. Jones, the Smith case, Smith
Text Elements
• Do not capitalize text elements, either as titles or text references: e.g., appendix A, chapter 5, part 7, figure 2. Do not abbreviate text elements (ch. 5, f. 10); they should always be spelled out in full.
Initial “The” in periodical titles
• When newspapers and periodicals are mentioned in text, an initial the, even if part of the official title, is lowercased (unless it begins a sentence) and not italicized. Foreign-language titles, however, retain the article in the original language—but only if it is an official part of the title. In the case of books, an initial the should be uppercase and italicized.
She reads the New York Times on the train.
We read Le Monde and Die Zeit while travelling in Europe.
Many editors use The Chicago Manual of Style.
Dates
• Maintain a consistent style throughout the text. Dates should appear as follows:
3 June 1993 (…on 3 June 1993, we…)
• Do not use apostrophes in decades when all numerals are included.
1990s
• Spell out decades and centuries.
the fifties and sixties; the sixteenth century
• When prefixes are attached to numerals, the compounds are hyphenated.
pre-1995 models, post-1945 economy, non-19th-century architecture
